COLUMN: SpaceX raises $25 billion — Wall Street goes wild, bonds are already trembling

COLUMN: SpaceX raises $25 billion — Wall Street goes wild, bonds are already trembling

Introduction: The biggest bond gamble of 2026

$89 billion in demand for $25 billion on offer

On June 22, 2026, SpaceX announced its inaugural bond offering on the credit markets. On June 23, the order books opened. On June 26, the bonds settled. And across those four days, something extraordinary unfolded on global financial markets: institutional investors submitted orders reaching $89 to $90 billion for an offering of just $25 billion. A subscription ratio of 3.5 times for the first-ever bond issue by a company that had never set foot in the bond markets before. This is euphoria in its purest form.

But behind the spectacular numbers lie nuances that press releases prefer to ignore. SpaceX stock, listed on the Nasdaq under the ticker SPCX since its historic IPO on June 12, 2026, dropped from $225 to $147.11 on the very day the bonds were priced. It was trading around $156 in the days that followed. Demand for long-dated bonds was far less enthusiastic than for shorter maturities. And the yield spreads on offer were significantly above the average paid by issuers with the same credit rating.

SpaceX and Wall Street: a honeymoon with conditions

SpaceX needed this money. Not for survival — Elon Musk's company held $100.8 billion in liquidity as of June 22, 2026. But it needed to repay a $20 billion bridge loan maturing in September 2027, taken on to finance the major maneuvers surrounding the IPO. By raising $25 billion — $20 billion to retire that loan and $5 billion for general corporate purposes, covering Starlink, Starship, and artificial intelligence projects — SpaceX did what any large company does when markets are open and investor appetite is strong: it issued debt.

But there is issuing debt — and there is issuing debt. And what SpaceX did during the week of June 22, 2026 is simultaneously a financial feat and a market test whose results deserve a closer reading than the euphoric headlines alone provide.

The five tranches: anatomy of a historic deal

Structure of maturities and yields

The SpaceX bond offering of June 23, 2026 is structured in five tranches, spanning maturities from 5 to 30 years. The first tranche — $7 billion at 5.35%, due 2031 — is the most sought-after, with approximately $24 billion in orders received for this single tranche alone. The second tranche — $6 billion at 5.65%, due 2033 — also drew strong interest. The third tranche — $6 billion at 5.875%, due 2036 — was slightly less in demand but remains oversubscribed.

Where the picture gets more nuanced is at the long end. The fourth tranche — $2.5 billion at 6.60%, due 2046 — and the fifth tranche — $3.5 billion at 6.65%, due 2056 — received a combined $15.5 billion in orders, a subscription ratio well below the shorter tranches. Demand for SpaceX's 30-year paper is concentrated among a narrower investor base, which tells you something important: investors trust SpaceX to repay its debts in 5 years. They are far less certain about what the company will look like in 30.

The bookrunners and credit ratings

The offering was arranged by the five largest American investment banks: Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, and Morgan Stanley. The credit ratings assigned are Baa1 by Moody's, BBB+ by S&P, and BBB by Fitch — sitting at the bottom of the investment grade category, one notch above speculative. This rating reflects the still-young and uncertain nature of SpaceX's business model, despite impressive revenues and substantial liquidity.

The spreads — the extra yield paid above US Treasuries — range from 1.1 to 1.75 percentage points, depending on maturity. For comparison, the average spread for similarly rated issuers at the time of the offering was 0.93 percentage points. In other words, SpaceX had to pay an additional risk premium compared to its more established peers. That premium is the cost of novelty: investors demand compensation for buying bonds from a company with no public credit history.

The June 12 IPO: the stock market context

The most anticipated listing of the decade

To understand the bond offering of June 23, 2026, you have to go back to June 12, 2026: SpaceX's listing on the Nasdaq under the ticker SPCX. This IPO was described as the financial event of the decade — a listing at a staggering valuation that drew crowds of institutional and retail investors eager to own a piece of the most ambitious space company in history. The stock had reached dizzying heights in the first weeks of trading.

It was this post-IPO euphoria that made the $25 billion bond offering possible less than two weeks after going public. SpaceX used the window of peak investor appetite to raise amounts that few companies could have obtained under ordinary conditions. That's either precision financial timing — or brilliantly executed opportunism, depending on your perspective.

The stock drop on pricing day

But on the bond pricing day — June 23, 2026 — something revealing happened. SpaceX (SPCX) shares fell from $225 to $147.11, a drop of roughly 35% in a single day. Why? Several factors. First, perceived dilution: issuing $25 billion in debt weighs on the balance sheet and raises future financial obligations. Second, profit-taking by IPO investors who seized the liquidity window. And third, a realistic repricing after the peaks of post-listing enthusiasm.

The stock stabilized around $156 in the days that followed, suggesting the market absorbed the shock. But the trajectory — from $225 to $147 to $156 within days — illustrates the inherent volatility of a stock that may have been overvalued in the weeks post-IPO. And for bond investors who bought at 5.35% for 5 years: if the stock keeps falling, their bonds remain valid as long as SpaceX stays solvent. But that is exactly the question markets are now asking themselves.

Starlink: the cash cow that justifies everything

The business model that makes the offering possible

To understand why $89 billion in institutional investors lined up to buy these bonds, you need to understand what Starlink is. This network of low-Earth orbit satellites — already deployed with more than 6,000 satellites and still expanding — delivers high-speed internet in areas that have never had reliable connectivity: rural US regions, developing countries, ships, aircraft, war zones. Ukraine is the most publicized military use case, but it's global civilian demand that drives the revenue.

Starlink generates growing, recurring revenue — exactly the kind of cash flow that bond investors love. Tens of millions of subscribers, government contracts, deals with airlines and maritime companies: Starlink's stability is what justifies SpaceX's investment grade rating despite the inherent risks of its core launch business.

Starship and future revenues: the long bet

Part of the $5 billion in proceeds earmarked for general corporate expenses will go toward developing Starship — the fully reusable heavy-lift launch system meant to revolutionize the cost of access to space. If Starship delivers on its technical promises, the cost of launching a kilogram to low Earth orbit could fall to a few tens of dollars, opening markets that are today economically out of reach: mass space tourism, giant telescopes, lunar bases, Mars missions.

But "if" is a big word in rocketry. Starship made spectacular progress in 2024–2025, with several successful test flights including vertical landings. But the leap from testing to regular commercial operations remains an enormous engineering challenge. And bond investors who bought 30-year tranches are in fact betting on SpaceX's ability to meet its revenue projections over three decades — a period that spans technological revolutions no one can fully predict.

The $20 billion bridge loan: why the urgency?

The story of the bridge debt

The $20 billion bridge loan that SpaceX must repay by September 2027 — and that part of this bond offering is designed precisely to replace — was taken on as part of the IPO preparation. These bridge loans are common in major equity transactions: they allow a company to fund its capital needs during the IPO preparation period before accessing permanent capital markets. The problem: they are expensive and come with short maturities.

By replacing these $20 billion in short-term bridge debt with bonds maturing in 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 years, SpaceX is executing a classic but crucial balance sheet management move: it extends the maturity of its debt, reduces refinancing risk, and locks in its funding costs for years. This is exactly what any competent CFO would do in this situation. The question is not whether it was the right call — it clearly was. The question is: at what price.

$100.8 billion in cash: why not just pay it off?

A question financial commentators have raised: if SpaceX holds $100.8 billion in liquidity, why borrow $25 billion? The answer is the same one Apple, Microsoft, or Amazon would give: because debt is cheaper than equity in a still-relatively-low-rate environment, and because preserving cash for future investments — Starship, potential acquisitions, Starlink expansion — generates a return on investment higher than the cost of the debt.

This is the fundamental arbitrage of modern corporate finance. SpaceX pays roughly 5.5% on average on its bond debt. If its investments generate returns above that level — and in the expanding space sector, projections are well above 5.5% — the leverage is positive. As long as markets remain stable, the logic is impeccable. If markets seize up or Starlink's growth projections disappoint, debt service becomes a burden.

Elon Musk and the governance question

The Musk risk: asset and liability

In any serious analysis of SpaceX bonds, the governance question — and more specifically, Elon Musk's central role — is unavoidable. Musk is the controlling shareholder, the founding visionary, and the innovation engine of SpaceX. Without him, the company would not exist in its current form. But he is also the man simultaneously running Tesla, xAI (his artificial intelligence company), X (formerly Twitter), The Boring Company, and political projects in the United States. The question of concentrated managerial risk is real.

Rating agencies have identified Musk dependency as a risk factor in their analyses. A departure — even hypothetical — or a loss of strategic focus could destabilize a company whose culture and direction are closely tied to a singular personality. This is one of the reasons SpaceX's spreads are above the average for its rating category: investors are demanding compensation for this concentrated managerial risk.

xAI and artificial intelligence: the new frontier

Part of the funds raised will also go toward artificial intelligence projects — an investment whose contours remain vague in SpaceX's public communications. The company is developing AI systems for rocket autonomy, satellite navigation, and potentially broader commercial applications through xAI. These investments directly compete with OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Anthropic for scarce talent and limited computing resources.

For bond investors, AI exposure is a double-edged sword. It opens potentially massive markets, but it also generates considerable spending without guaranteed near-term revenue. And it places SpaceX in direct competition with giants far more advanced in the field. The fact that SpaceX management cites AI as a use of proceeds without further detail leaves analysts in an uncertainty that is reflected, once again, in elevated spreads.

Demand concentrated on short maturities: what it reveals

$24 billion for the 5-year tranche: a clear signal

The spectacular concentration of demand on the 5-year tranche — $24 billion in orders for $7 billion offered — may be the most revealing signal of this entire offering. It says this: institutional investors trust SpaceX to repay its debts over 5 years. They are far less certain about the situation at 30 years. And that distinction reflects legitimate uncertainty about the sustainability of the business model in a perpetually evolving technology sector.

By 2056 — the maturity of the 30-year tranche — the space sector could be unrecognizable. New entrants like Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, ULA, and Chinese players could have eroded SpaceX's dominant position. Starlink could face competitors able to surpass it. Musk won't be at the helm. These legitimate uncertainties explain why demand for the 30-year tranche is notably more modest — and why SpaceX must pay 6.65% to place it, against a market average well below that for comparable investment grade issuers.

The appetite of pension funds and insurers

Who buys SpaceX bonds maturing in 30 years? Primarily pension funds, life insurance companies, and sovereign wealth funds that need predictable cash flows over very long periods to match their assets and liabilities. For these investors, the appeal of SpaceX is not only the 6.65% yield — it's the name, the sector of the future, and the conviction that SpaceX will still be here in 2056. It's a long-term bet on the viability of a company in a sector that, by definition, has never existed at this scale before.

These pension funds and insurers cannot afford to take irresponsible risks — they are not hedge funds. Their participation confirms that SpaceX's credit is considered solid enough to justify an allocation in their conservative bond portfolios. But they demanded their risk premium. And that premium says, once again, that even the most institutional investors keep their eyes open in the face of ambient enthusiasm.

The bonds are already weakening: the first signs of doubt

Widening spreads, secondary market under pressure

A few days after the bonds settled on June 26, 2026, the first signs of pressure in the secondary market appeared. Spreads — the gaps between SpaceX bond yields and Treasuries — tend to widen in the days following a large offering, when investors who submitted orders for volumes above what they actually wanted start selling in the secondary market. This phenomenon, known as the "new issue concession," is normal. But its magnitude in SpaceX's case also reflects the drop in the stock on pricing day.

The correlation between stock and bond performance is not direct — bondholders are senior creditors, not shareholders. But in the case of a company like SpaceX, whose valuation is very strongly tied to future growth projections, a significant stock decline creates uncertainty about credit quality that bleeds into bond spreads. In plain terms: if the equity market thinks SpaceX is worth 35% less than it was two weeks ago, bondholders are wondering whether their 5.35% is adequate.

The rate environment and macro context

The SpaceX offering arrives in a context of still-elevated US interest rates. The Federal Reserve is maintaining its policy rates at historically high levels to fight persistent inflation, particularly in services and housing. In this environment, long-dated bonds are structurally less attractive than in periods of low rates — investors can obtain decent returns from less risky instruments. The fact that SpaceX still managed to raise $25 billion is remarkable. But this rate context also explains why long maturities were less well received.

At the short end — 2031, 2033 — the prospect of eventual rate cuts makes SpaceX bonds attractive if the Fed were to ease monetary policy. This is partly what explains the enthusiasm for the short tranches. At the long end, uncertainty about future rates compounds uncertainty about SpaceX's business model, creating a substantial risk premium.

Comparison with other major tech offerings

Apple, Microsoft, Amazon: the precedents

To put the SpaceX offering in context, it's worth comparing it to major bond offerings by American technology companies. Apple, which holds hundreds of billions in cash, regularly issues bonds at very competitive rates — around 0.3 to 0.5 percentage points above Treasuries — because its rating is AAA or close to it, its revenue stability is legendary, and its track record spans decades. Amazon and Microsoft issue at comparable terms.

SpaceX pays 1.1 to 1.75 percentage points above Treasuries. That's two to four times the spread of Apple. This differential quantifies the additional risk that SpaceX represents compared to tech giants with impeccable balance sheets and business models tested over decades. This is not a criticism — it's a market reality. A young company, however brilliant, must pay to convince.

Tesla as a controversial precedent

A more relevant precedent is Tesla, Musk's other great company. Tesla long struggled to achieve an investment grade rating and paid elevated spreads on its early bond offerings. It eventually secured better terms once its revenues and profitability were proven at scale. If SpaceX follows a similar trajectory — and if Starlink continues to grow as projected — spreads could tighten in the coming years and early buyers would have made an excellent investment. But Tesla's story also includes years of great volatility, existential doubts, and missed projections. And bondholders don't get to benefit from the upside if things go better than expected — they can only lose if things go worse.

That is the fundamental asymmetry of debt: you lend to someone, you don't invest with them. If SpaceX doubles its valuation, your bonds still trade at par. If SpaceX runs into trouble, you may lose all or part of your principal. This asymmetry is baked into the spreads — and the 1.1 to 1.75 points the market demands reflects that reality precisely.

The impact on AI and space credit markets

A precedent that opens a new asset class

Beyond the SpaceX case, this inaugural offering raises a fundamental question for financial markets: how do you value the debt of companies whose business models rest on technologies still in development — whether space, AI, nuclear fusion, or advanced biotech? Traditional credit analysis tools — discounted cash flows, debt service coverage ratios, comparative sector analysis — are poorly suited to companies where value resides primarily in intangible assets and distant growth projections.

The SpaceX offering will create precedents and expectations. Other companies in the space and AI sectors will now attempt to access bond markets by comparing themselves to SpaceX. Investment banks will build bespoke valuation models. Rating agencies will refine their methodologies. And institutional investors will develop specialized sector knowledge. This is the normal maturation of a new asset class — and SpaceX has just written its first chapter.

Morningstar and the "biggest AI debt deal yet"

Morningstar described the SpaceX offering as "one of the biggest AI debt deals yet." It's an interesting qualification that reflects SpaceX's repositioning in financial market discourse. It is no longer just a rockets-and-satellites company — it's an AI infrastructure company, whose Starlink satellites are presented as nodes in the global connectivity network that AI expansion at planetary scale requires.

This narrative requalification is powerful because it places SpaceX in the slipstream of the great AI investment wave that has dominated financial markets since 2023. By positioning itself as AI infrastructure as much as a space company, SpaceX taps into a much larger — and more enthusiastic — pool of investors than if it limited itself to its aerospace positioning. It's financial marketing genius. Whether it holds over 30 years is a different question.

What this offering reveals about the 2026 economy

Credit markets as a barometer of the era

The SpaceX bond offering is a mirror of the June 2026 economy. It reveals a financial market that still has abundant liquidity — $89 billion in orders for $25 billion don't appear in a stressed market. It reveals an insatiable appetite for AI-linked and new-technology assets, even when future revenues are partially speculative. And it reveals a persistent tension between short-term enthusiasm — the massive oversubscription — and long-term caution: elevated spreads and demand concentrated on short maturities.

This tension is not unique to SpaceX. It characterizes financial markets as a whole in 2026: lots of liquidity to deploy, few quality assets available, and a tendency to accept more risk in search of yield. In this environment, major technology company offerings benefit from an enthusiasm that can sometimes mask structural risks. Bond markets are generally considered more sober than equity markets. The SpaceX offering shows that this sobriety has its limits.

The next major offering: who will be the next SpaceX?

In trading rooms on Wall Street, in the City of London, and in Tokyo, CFOs are watching the SpaceX offering with shining eyes. If a space company barely 12 years from its first orbital flight can raise $25 billion at acceptable terms, who's next? Blue Origin, which finally achieved its first commercial orbital placement? Nuclear fusion companies like Commonwealth Fusion? Advanced biotech players? AI infrastructure providers?

The SpaceX offering has opened a door. It has shown that bond markets are ready to finance companies whose business models rely partly on technologies still in development, provided the name is strong enough, current revenues solid enough, and the risk premium attractive enough. This is good news for innovation. And it's news that deserves to be received with open eyes — not with the same unfiltered euphoria of the first oversubscription headlines.

Space as civilization infrastructure

Beyond the balance sheet: what SpaceX truly represents

It would be reductive to see in this offering nothing more than a balance sheet management transaction. SpaceX, by raising $25 billion on bond markets, is also validating a broader thesis: space has become civilization infrastructure, on the same footing as roads, power grids, or undersea cables. And civilization infrastructure is financeable in long-term bond markets — that is precisely the model that financed the great infrastructure projects of the 19th and 20th centuries.

If this thesis is correct, then 30-year SpaceX bonds are the equivalent of American railroad bonds of 1870: risky, pioneering, and potentially constitutive of an economic revolution. If it is wrong — if space remains a niche market too costly for the masses — these bonds will simply be expensive relative to the risk taken. History will tell who was right.

Starlink in Ukraine and the geopolitical strategy

An element rarely discussed in financial analyses of this offering: Starlink has played a crucial military and strategic role in Ukraine since 2022. This geostrategic positioning — which makes SpaceX a defense infrastructure allied to the West as much as a commercial company — is not without value for government investors and sovereign funds of liberal democracies. Investing in SpaceX bonds is also investing in the infrastructure that supports Ukrainian defense and NATO force connectivity. This geopolitical context adds a dimension that pure financial models don't fully capture.

In the world of 2026, where China is developing its own competing satellite systems with obvious military implications, SpaceX's dominance in low-orbit space communications is not just a stock market value. It is a strategic advantage for the West. And that advantage, difficult to quantify on a credit analysis sheet, contributes to the confidence that institutional investors — notably those linked to allied governments — extend to the issuer.

Competition in the space sector: Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, and the challengers

SpaceX is not alone in space

To assess the long-term value of SpaceX bonds, you also need to look at the competition. Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos's space company, has finally achieved its first commercial orbital placements and is beginning to build a customer manifest for its New Glenn launcher. Rocket Lab, though focused on small satellites, has demonstrated impressive operational reliability and is seeking to move upmarket with its Neutron launcher. Chinese players — LandSpace, CAS Space, Deep Blue Aerospace — are developing reusable launchers that could capture segments of the commercial launch market at lower prices in the coming years.

This growing competition is a genuine risk factor for SpaceX's long-dated bonds. The company's current dominance in commercial launch markets and satellite connectivity is not guaranteed for the next 10 to 30 years. If Starlink loses market share to competitors — Amazon Kuiper, OneWeb, or new entrants — the cash flows underpinning debt service could be affected. Long-term bond investors are factoring this competitive risk into their spread calculations.

Amazon Kuiper and the most credible threat

Amazon Kuiper — Amazon's satellite constellation project — may represent the most serious competitive threat to Starlink in the medium term. With Amazon's financial resources — several hundred billion dollars in cash and credit — and its global logistics infrastructure, Kuiper can sustain years of losses to gain market share. Moreover, Amazon can bundle Kuiper with its AWS services and e-commerce platform, creating synergies that SpaceX cannot replicate.

For now, Kuiper is still in deployment phase, with a far less developed constellation than Starlink. But over the next 5 to 10 years — precisely the period covered by the short tranches of the June 2026 offering — competition between the two systems will become more direct. Bond investors who bought the 5- and 7-year tranches are betting that Starlink will consolidate its position before Kuiper reaches critical mass. That bet is reasonable. The one on the 30-year tranches is considerably less so.

The environmental impact: the question Wall Street avoids

Mega-constellations and light pollution

In the enthusiasm surrounding SpaceX's bond offering, one topic was almost entirely absent: the environmental and astronomical impact of the Starlink constellation and its planned expansion. Putting tens of thousands of satellites into low Earth orbit carries real and measurable consequences: light pollution affecting astronomical observations, collision and orbital debris risks (the Kessler syndrome), and the energy consumption and resources required to manufacture and launch these satellites.

Astronomy organizations like the International Astronomical Union have sounded the alarm repeatedly. The FAA and other regulators are studying orbital traffic management frameworks. These concerns don't threaten SpaceX's business model in the short term — existing regulations remain limited. But over the horizon of 2040–2056 — the maturities of the long tranches — stricter regulations on mega-constellations could affect Starlink's operating costs and expansion capacity.

ESG criteria and their impact on debt markets

The rise of ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) criteria in capital markets is a reality that SpaceX will need to navigate in the years ahead. Some large institutional funds have exclusion policies that could apply to companies whose environmental impact is considered insufficiently managed. For now, SpaceX's appeal is such that ESG considerations have not had a significant impact on demand for its bonds. But over a 20- to 30-year horizon, regulatory and normative pressure around ESG will only grow.

This is one of many long-term risks that traditional credit valuation models struggle to incorporate. The bond market of June 2026 clearly indicated it did not want to carry this risk over 30 years — hence the weaker demand on the long tranches. And perhaps that is the deepest wisdom of this offering: the market doesn't know what SpaceX will look like in 2056. And it has the decency not to pretend otherwise.

Conclusion: $25 billion for the future, with eyes open

A historic deal, a permanent lesson

SpaceX's inaugural bond offering — $25 billion, $89 billion in orders, five tranches, three rating agencies, settled June 26, 2026 — is a historic financial moment. It marks the entry of the new space economy into institutional credit markets. It validates SpaceX's business model as sufficiently solid to merit an investment grade rating and the attention of the world's largest institutional funds. And it opens the path to a new era of financing for frontier technology companies.

But it comes with signals worth heeding: the 35% stock drop on pricing day, elevated spreads relative to peers, demand concentrated on short maturities, the relative weakness of demand for 30-year bonds. These signals are not catastrophes. But they are reminders that even the most exciting stories have their limits, that even the most visionary companies carry real risks, and that bond markets — more sober than equity markets — price in these nuances.

Space on the stock exchange: a new era

There is something profoundly symbolic about a company whose stated mission is to make humanity multiplanetary financing that ambition with the most conventional financial tools: bonds, tranches, Treasury spreads, institutional orders. SpaceX has left the space of dreams and entered the space of accounting. That is not a betrayal — it's maturity. Industrial revolutions are funded with debt. 19th-century America was built with bonds.

The question is not whether SpaceX had the right to raise $25 billion on bond markets. The question is whether, in 5, 10, 20, or 30 years, the investors who answered this call will have been right to do so. And that question — the only one that truly matters — will find its answer only in time, in quarterly earnings, and in Starship's ability to deliver on its promises. In the meantime, the bonds are trembling slightly on the secondary market. And that may be the most honest way to summarize this historic week.

By Maxime Marquette, columnist

Columnist's transparency note

Editorial positioning

This column is based on public financial sources available at the time of writing, including reports from CNBC, Bloomberg, Motley Fool, Morningstar, and the official SpaceX press release. The columnist holds no position in SpaceX stocks or bonds and has no declared financial interest in this offering. The opinions expressed are personal and do not constitute financial or investment advice.

The figures used — tranche amounts, interest rates, spreads, order volumes — come from journalistic sources and may differ slightly from the definitive figures published in the official prospectus. The columnist acknowledges that a complete analysis of this offering would require access to the official offering documents, which were not fully available at the time of writing.

Limits of the analysis

This analysis was written in the first days following the offering settlement and represents a snapshot in time. The ongoing secondary market performance of the bonds, SpaceX's next financial results, and Starship developments could significantly change the assessment presented here. The bond market evolves daily, and the spreads cited reflect conditions at the time of pricing, not necessarily current conditions at the time of publication. This column is not financial advice.

Starlink and Starship revenue projections mentioned in this text reflect public estimates, not financial data verified by an independent auditor. With SpaceX remaining a partially private company despite its IPO, certain financial information remains confidential.

Sources

Primary sources

CNBC — SpaceX launches its inaugural bond offering after the IPO — June 23, 2026

Bloomberg — SpaceX draws $89 billion in demand for debut investment grade bond sale — June 23, 2026

SpaceX Investor Relations — Official press release: inaugural bond offering — June 22, 2026

Motley Fool — SpaceX received $90 billion in orders for a $25 billion bond offering — June 26, 2026

Secondary sources

Bitcoin.com News — SpaceX: the $25 billion inaugural bond sale explained — June 24, 2026

Morningstar / MarketWatch — SpaceX pulls off one of the biggest AI debt deals yet — June 23, 2026