# COLUMN: China Wants 9 Aircraft Carriers — And It Has Nothing to Do With Defense

> In May 2026, satellite images captured above the Dalian shipyard in northeastern China revealed something Western strategists had been dreading for years: a 286-meter hull, already more imposing than the Fujian had been at the same stage of construction, taking shape in an indust

- Author: Maxime Marquette
- Publisher: MadMax (https://mad-max.co)
- Section: Column
- Published: 2026-06-24
- Canonical URL: https://mad-max.co/en/article/chronique-la-chine-veut-9-porte-avions-et-ca-n-a-rien-a-voir-avec-la-defense

## Key takeaways

- In May 2026, satellite images showed a 286-meter hull at the Dalian shipyard, which the column identifies as the Type 004 nuclear-powered carrier.
- The Pentagon's December 2025 report says Beijing aims for 9 carriers by 2035, up from 3 today, which the column calls the largest carrier buildout in the Indo-Pacific since World War II.
- The Fujian, commissioned in November 2025, is described as having about 60% of a Nimitz-class carrier's capability, according to a former US Navy officer cited by 19FortyFive.
- The column links the carrier program to the 1996 Taiwan Strait crisis and to Xi Jinping's "national rejuvenation" narrative.
- It describes an Indo-Pacific naval arms race involving Japan, Australia, the Philippines, South Korea and India, and criticizes Europe's relative silence.

## Introduction: The Dalian monster reshaping the world order

### A 286-meter hull rising from the waters of history

In **May 2026**, satellite images captured above the **Dalian** shipyard in northeastern China revealed something Western strategists had been dreading for years: a **286-meter hull**, already more imposing than the **Fujian** had been at the same stage of construction, taking shape in an industrial silence that looks strikingly like certainty. This vessel — the **Type 004**, China's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier — is not a project. It is a reality. And according to the **Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)**, it could carry **4 electromagnetic catapults** and a **third aircraft elevator**, dangerously closing the gap with the capabilities of the **USS Gerald R. Ford**, the flagship of the US Navy.

The Pentagon, in its **annual report on Chinese military power of December 2025**, stated the number plainly: Beijing aims for **9 aircraft carriers by 2035**. Today, China operates **3** — the Liaoning, the Shandong, and the Fujian, which entered service in **November 2025**. Building **6 additional vessels in ten years**, roughly one carrier every **20 months**, would constitute, according to the Pentagon itself, **the largest carrier buildout in the Indo-Pacific since World War II**. When history repeats its cadences, those who don't listen wake up too late.

### The question nobody really wants to ask

The debate over the tactical relevance of aircraft carriers in the age of drones and hypersonic missiles will continue indefinitely. **Albee Zhang**, writer at the **South China Morning Post**, stated it plainly in an article published **June 2, 2026**: submarines and drones are "the story of naval warfare in the 21st century" — and yet carriers remain "an important symbol of military power." That tension captures a world that understands the logic of new weapons but cannot shed the old grammar of power. China has no such problem. It wants both. And that is precisely what should keep us up at night.

The real question is not: are aircraft carriers still useful? The real question is: **why does Beijing want nine** when a single **strike group** can already project considerable air power into the western Pacific? The answer — the one diplomats dare not articulate — is that this program is not aimed at **defense**. It is aimed at **dominance**. And there is an abyssal difference between the two.

*I have no contact in Dalian. I have not survived a naval conflict. But when I read the May 2026 satellite data and the Pentagon's December 2025 report, I feel the same thing as when you learn that a neighbor — smiling, discreet — has just ordered nine rifles. The question is not whether he has the right. The question is: what for?*

## The Fujian: the dress rehearsal that changed everything

### From the classroom to the operating room

To understand what the Type 004 represents, you need to understand what the **Fujian** is — and what it is not. The Liaoning was a school. A former Soviet unfinished vessel, purchased, rebuilt, used to learn the rudiments of naval aviation. The Shandong was an improved copy. But the Fujian — **Type 003**, commissioned in **November 2025** — is something else. It is the first aircraft carrier entirely designed and built in China, equipped with **electromagnetic catapults**, the same system as the American Ford. And according to a former US Navy officer cited in an analysis by **19FortyFive** published **June 15, 2026**, the Fujian represents approximately **60% of a Nimitz-class carrier's capability**.

Sixty percent. For an entirely indigenous first effort, that is staggering. In one decade, China went from rebuilding a worn Soviet hull to mastering launch technology that only two navies in the world possess: the US Navy and the Chinese Navy. **The Fujian and the USS Gerald R. Ford are the only two carriers on the planet equipped with electromagnetic launch systems.** The speed of this learning cannot be explained by industrial chance. It is explained by an absolute, planned, uncompromisingly funded **state will**.

### The technological leap worrying the admirals

What disturbs planners in Washington and Tokyo is not so much what China has today. It is the **learning curve**. In twelve years, Beijing went from the ski-jump to the **electromagnetic catapult**. From a second-hand Soviet vessel to a nuclear supercarrier under construction. The Type 004, according to open-source analyses compiled by **19FortyFive** in June 2026, will be — if confirmed — a vessel of **110,000 to 120,000 tons**, comparable in displacement to the 337-meter Ford-class of the US Navy. Projections indicate **sea trials between mid-2028 and early 2029**, with a projected entry into service around **2030**.

At this construction stage — **25% completion according to open-source estimates from early 2026** — the Type 004's hull was already larger than the Fujian's had been at a comparable stage. That is an unmistakable sign: Beijing is not rehearsing. Beijing is escalating. And the CSIS, one of Washington's most rigorous analytical circles, has identified in the satellite images what looks strongly like **two large compartments that could house reactor containment systems** — confirming nuclear propulsion as a solid working hypothesis.

*There is something vertiginous about this curve. In 2012, China was inaugurating the Liaoning with pilots still learning to land on a sloped deck. By 2030 — perhaps — it will be operating a nuclear supercarrier. Twelve years. That is less time than it takes most Western democracies to order a warship, wait for tenders, abandon the budget, start over. The slowness of democracy has virtues. But against this pace, it also has a price.*

## Nine carriers: the strategy of permanent presence

### The brutal calculation behind the number

Why nine? The answer lies in the operational logic of strike groups. One aircraft carrier in continuous operation requires two to three vessels in the total fleet to maintain permanent deployment: one at sea, one in maintenance, one in training or rotation. With nine carriers, China could permanently maintain **two or three strike groups** deployed simultaneously in the Indo-Pacific — one in the **South China Sea**, one in the **western Pacific**, one potentially in the **Arabian Sea** or **Indian Ocean**. That is no longer a regional fleet. It is a **global power projection fleet**.

In May 2026, a strike group centered on the Fujian had been deployed east of the Philippines since **May 19, 2026**, according to an **Institute for the Study of War (ISW) update dated June 18, 2026**. This deployment lasted nearly a month in waters Washington considers strategically vital. It is a deliberate demonstration: China is there, it stays, it patrols. And with each new carrier integrated into the fleet, this presence will become harder to contest, more costly to deter, and more normalized in the perception of Indo-Pacific nations.

### Hainan: the emerging hub of naval power

An article from **Chosun**, published **May 26, 2026**, signaled **Hainan's emergence as a strategic hub** for Chinese aircraft carriers. The island, at the southern tip of the South China Sea, offers an ideal geographic position for projecting force toward Taiwan, the Philippines, the Strait of Malacca, and the Indian Ocean. Its port infrastructure has been massively developed in recent years. This is not coincidence. It is **strategic architecture** built brick by brick, dry dock by dry dock.

To supply these strike groups at sea, China has also integrated **Type 91** combat support vessels — **45,000-ton** replenishment ships capable of transferring approximately **600 tons of materiel per hour** — according to June 2026 analyses. Two Type 91s are already in service. This power projection logistics — fuel, munitions, provisions — transforms a strike group into an autonomous force capable of operating far from home bases for weeks. China is not just building aircraft carriers. It is building an **ecosystem of blue-water naval power**.

*The Hainan base makes me think of those people who, quietly, after years of "I'm your friend," begin installing surveillance cameras pointing at your garden. This is not a declaration of war. It is a declaration of territory. And the difference between the two can take time to reveal — often too much time.*

## Japan wakes up — and Beijing is irritated

### Tokyo converts its helicopter carriers into light carriers

Facing the rise of China's navy, Japan has made decisions that, even ten years ago, would have seemed constitutionally unthinkable. Tokyo has begun **converting its Izumo-class helicopter carriers** to operate **F-35B** short-takeoff, vertical-landing fighters — effectively transforming these vessels into light carriers. This evolution triggered an immediate Beijing reaction: the **South China Morning Post**, in an article dated **June 17, 2026**, reported Chinese voices calling for **accelerating carrier fleet upgrades** precisely in response to Japan's strengthened strike capabilities.

The dynamic is now clearly engaged. Japan builds up power. Beijing uses it as justification to go faster. Australia doubles its defense budget. The Philippines signs basing agreements with the US. South Korea develops its own submarines. India accelerates construction of **INS Vikrant** and plans a third carrier. Each actor designates the others as the cause of its own escalation. This is the classic **security dilemma** mechanism — except that in the Indo-Pacific of 2026, it unfolds at industrial speed that diplomats struggle to keep pace with.

### The arithmetic that does not lie

The US today operates **11 carriers** — ten Nimitz-class and the Ford, all nuclear-powered. This fleet was built over decades, backed by a defense budget and industrial infrastructure without equivalent. But the US Navy is also a global fleet, deployed simultaneously in the Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, and Persian Gulf. In the Indo-Pacific specifically, the naval concentration available at any given moment is not eleven strike groups. It is far more limited. **Nine Chinese carriers concentrated exclusively on the Indo-Pacific theater** profoundly changes the **regional deterrence** equation — even against American technological superiority.

This is the geographic asymmetry Beijing has identified as exploitable. The US must defend the entire world. China needs to dominate its region. And to dominate its region, nine carriers would suffice — if Pentagon projections hold. Some independent analysts, cited by **19FortyFive**, more cautiously place the target at **five to six carriers in the 2030s**. But even at that level, the gap with the current capabilities of any other regional actor would remain vast and structurally destabilizing.

*We can debate the numbers. Five or nine, mid-2028 or 2031. But this discussion on projection margins sometimes seems a convenient way to avoid the central question: China is building a superpower navy. The only real question is whether the West has the political will to respond at the same pace. And what I see is a lot of reports, summits, communiqués — and **shipyards** closing.*

## The logic of fear: why carriers reassure Beijing

### The humiliation of 1996 etched in collective memory

To understand China's carrier obsession, you must go back to **March 1996**. During tensions around Taiwan, the US Navy deployed **two strike groups** into the strait — a show of force that Beijing was unable to contest. This humiliation etched into China's strategic leadership a simple and brutal lesson: without carriers, without a **blue-water navy**, without power projection capability, China remains vulnerable to naval blockade in its own waters. The **carrier program** was not born of abstract ambition. It was born from a precise pain, a precise date, a powerlessness that Beijing swore never to relive.

Three decades later, the result is visible in Dalian. A 286-meter hull, 25% complete in early 2026, growing week by week in steel and resolution. China is not building carriers because it has forgotten 1996. It is building them precisely because it remembers. And that memory is not negotiable, cannot be sanctioned, cannot be deterred with communiqués or G7 summits.

### The symbol as geopolitical weapon

There is a dimension that purely military analysts underestimate: the **symbolic value of the carrier in coercive diplomacy**. A carrier patrolling the South China Sea sends a message to the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia — states that all claim maritime rights Beijing contests. This message requires not a single shot. Its presence alone suffices. **Gunboat diplomacy** is not a dusty colonial invention. It is alive, naval, and navigating at 30 knots under the red star flag.

Chinese carriers are also a message internally: to the Party, to the population, to the military. They embody the narrative of the **"national rejuvenation"** that Xi Jinping has erected as his central political program. Each launch is a symbolic victory over the century of humiliation. Each electromagnetic catapult is a revenge on unequal treaties. Understanding this psychopolitical dimension is not yielding to culturalist interpretation — it is refusing to be naive about actors who use their armed forces as much for domestic theater as for external deterrence.

*A reader wrote to me after a previous article on Taiwan: "But China will never attack, it's too risky for their economy." Perhaps true. But a nation building a fleet of nine carriers does not do so only to avoid attacking. It does so to have the choice. And choice, in geopolitics, is already a form of power that others no longer have.*

## What drones cannot replace

### The persistence of the carrier in modern warfare

The debate is real and legitimate: recent conflicts — Ukraine, Yemen, Gaza — have demonstrated the vulnerability of large naval surfaces to low-cost drones and precision missiles. A carrier represents a colossal target, an investment of tens of billions of dollars concentrated in one moving point. Why keep building them? The answer lies in the distinction between **war against a high-tech peer adversary** and **power projection in peacetime or low-intensity crises**. No drone has a strike group's capability to establish permanent naval presence, deploy a complete **air wing** over thousands of kilometers of theater without a land base, or impress third-party states during a diplomatic crisis.

France, Turkey, and India are also investing in carriers, as **Albee Zhang in the SCMP of June 2, 2026** noted. Not because these nations ignore Ukrainian lessons. But because they distinguish instruments of total war and instruments of **power politics**. And in the latter category, the carrier remains without substitute: it is a mobile airfield, a hospital, a command center, a threat and a promise all at once. China knows this. It has watched how Americans have used theirs for thirty years — and taken notes.

### The limit nobody wants to set

Yet the vulnerability remains. In a scenario of open conflict with a power equipped with hypersonic anti-ship missiles — exactly the kind of capability China has developed with its **DF-21D** and **DF-26** missiles, the famous "carrier killers" — an entire strike group could theoretically be neutralized. This mutual vulnerability is one reason carriers function primarily as deterrence and political tools, and less as a first wave in a total war. The paradox is complete: China builds a carrier fleet for intimidation and projection, while having developed the missiles designed to sink others' carriers. It plays both tables with the same resolution.

There is no simple answer to this paradox. But there is a simple reality: **a nuclear Type 004 of 120,000 tons projected 1,500 kilometers from Chinese shores in a crisis zone is not an abstract threat**. It is metal, carbon, flesh, jet fuel, missiles — an irrefutable physical presence that redraws every other actor's room for maneuver. That is power politics. And no declaration of principle can contest it.

*There is a cruel irony in the fact that China — which built its **anti-access**/area denial doctrine precisely to contest US carrier presence in its waters — is now building exactly the same power projection fleet as Washington. They call that the contradiction of rising powers: they hate the right that others arrogate, until the moment they arrogate it themselves.*

## The arms race the West refuses to name

### When vocabulary masks reality

In Western chancelleries, the words "arms race" are carefully avoided. People speak of "capability strengthening," "response to emerging threats," "security partnerships." This semantic caution has its reasons: naming an arms race risks institutionalizing it, feeding fears, closing diplomatic doors. But while we choose words, China is building ships. And there is something deeply dishonest about refusing to say what we see when satellite images are accessible to anyone with an internet connection.

The Indo-Pacific of 2026 is in a **naval arms race**. Not metaphorically. Concretely. China builds. Japan re-arms its helicopter carriers. Australia doubles its defense budget. The Philippines signs basing agreements with the US. South Korea develops its own submarines. India accelerates construction of the **INS Vikrant** and plans a third carrier. Calling this anything other than a regional arms race is a form of intellectual dishonesty that political decision-makers allow themselves precisely because they will not have to live in the world this race produces.

### The silence of allies as alarm signal

What strikes, in this context of documented naval escalation, is the relative silence of European capitals. Paris, Berlin, Rome, Brussels — absorbed by Ukraine, **continental rearmament**, **NATO** fractures — treat the Indo-Pacific as a secondary issue. A few frigates sent in show-of-passage demonstrations, a few communiqués on **freedom of navigation**, but no coherent doctrine, no structuring resources, no long-term commitment. Europe is letting Washington and its Asian allies manage China's rise alone, while hoping trade is not too disrupted. That is not a policy. It is a bet.

And bets of this kind — betting on Beijing's prudence, on the status quo of American deterrence, on the stability of a regional order China systematically contests — have a history of ending badly. Not necessarily with a shot fired. Sometimes simply with a moment where **options have disappeared**, where balances have frozen in disfavor, and where one realizes one had all the data to see what was coming — and chose to look away.

*Every time I read a European communiqué on the Indo-Pacific — rich in principles, poor in commitments — I think of those insurance companies that offer policies after the damage. Europe always arrives late in these stories. Not for lack of means. For lack of will. And the difference between the two is only measured in the aftermath.*

## The Type 004 under the microscope: what the figures reveal

### A military architecture unprecedented for China

The Type 004 will be, if it delivers on its promise, a fundamentally different vessel from its predecessors. The Liaoning and Shandong operated with ski-jump ramps — efficient, but limited in aircraft weight and launch tempo. The Fujian made the leap to electromagnetic catapults. But the Type 004 would add **nuclear propulsion** — eliminating the need for fuel replenishment, enabling much longer deployments, and freeing up considerable onboard space currently occupied by tanks and conventional propulsion systems.

According to **19FortyFive**, defense researchers have established a link between China's naval reactor program and a **land-based prototype facility specifically built to test this type of propulsion**. This is no longer speculation. It is documented industrial development. An air wing of over **100 aircraft** is cited by the same analysts — a carrier air group comparable to, or greater in number than, the American Ford's. A nuclear carrier with four electromagnetic catapults and a hundred aircraft: this is no longer a regional symbol. It is an instrument of global power.

### The sea trials that will change everything

If the schedule holds — **sea trials projected between mid-2028 and early 2029**, entry into service around **2030** — the Type 004 will become operational at a geopolitically critical moment. In 2030, Xi Jinping will be in his third presidential term. The **Military Modernization Roadmap** he has charted targets 2035 as the year of "basic modernization" of the armed forces and 2049 as the horizon for "world-class forces." The Type 004 enters service exactly in this window — not in 2049, but in 2030, in the middle of the acceleration phase. This is not a scheduling accident. It is strategic synchronization.

These sea trials will be observed with unprecedented intensity by all regional navies. Every catapult performance, every air wing operation, every nuclear at-sea replenishment exercise will be analyzed, modeled, integrated into operational plans in Washington, Tokyo, Canberra, New Delhi. And this mutual observation — this reciprocal surveillance — is itself a form of permanent tension, a state of chronic low-temperature crisis that now defines the new normal of the Indo-Pacific.

*2030. That's tomorrow. It is the end of this presidential term in most democracies. It is the time horizon where most Western politicians dare not really plan because it is beyond the next electoral cycle. And it is exactly in this window of inattention that the Type 004 will enter service. Democracy has virtues. But its temporal myopia is a structural vulnerability that Beijing has learned to exploit.*

## The axis of symbol: when the navy speaks for diplomacy

### Three carriers and an unambiguous message

In May 2026, a strike group centered on the **Fujian was patrolling east of the Philippines** since May 19 — more than four weeks of continuous presence in waters at the heart of South China Sea tensions, according to **ISW**'s update of **June 18, 2026**. This deployment was not a response to a specific crisis. It was a routine demonstration — or rather, a demonstration designed to become routine. That is China's naval strategy: make the presence so frequent, so prolonged, so normal that it ceases to be contested because it has become a perceived fait accompli.

Manila reacted, Washington observed, Canberra took note. But what concretely changed? Nothing or nearly nothing. The Fujian returned to its base. The next strike group will deploy in a few weeks. And so on, until Chinese naval presence in these waters becomes as normal as sunrise — and as difficult to contest. This is the strategy of **progressive fait accompli**, of **naval salami slicing**. And with nine carriers, this strategy becomes exponentially more powerful.

### Coercive diplomacy that dares not speak its name

There is a term in strategic literature: **coercive diplomacy**. It is used to describe the use of military threat — presence, maneuver, show of force — to obtain political concessions without resorting to open war. China has become a master of it. And its aircraft carriers are its most visible instrument. Every time Manila hesitates on US base access on its territory, the Fujian heads out for a cruise. Every time Tokyo announces new cooperation with Washington, a **Chinese strike group** appears in the waters between the two countries. The correlation is never officially acknowledged. But it is real, calculated, and understood by all regional actors.

The problem is that coercive diplomacy works until it stops working — until an actor decides not to yield anymore. And at that point, with nine carriers in the fleet, China's military options would no longer be merely symbolic. They would be concrete, massive, and potentially irresistible for mid-sized nations without an alliance with a superpower. That is Beijing's geopolitical bet: accumulate such **regional naval superiority** that resistance becomes economically irrational before the question of war even arises.

*Calling it "diplomacy" is almost a joke. What Beijing practices with its strike groups is structured intimidation — organized, calibrated, with lawyers ready to argue the legality of every maneuver. The difference between diplomacy and intimidation is the other party's consent. And I see nowhere in the Indo-Pacific nations that "freely consent" to the permanent presence of Chinese carriers in their exclusive economic zones.*

## What the West should do — and is not doing

### Washington's insufficient response

The US has responded. The Indo-Pacific Strategy, **AUKUS**, bases in the Philippines, strengthening alliances with Japan and South Korea, multilateral naval exercises — all of this is real and constitutes a serious response. But there is a structural problem that Washington acknowledges privately and refuses to admit publicly: US shipyards are clogged, underfunded, and incapable in the short term of maintaining the current fleet while also strengthening it. The **Government Accountability Office (GAO)** has repeatedly documented delays in US Navy maintenance and construction programs. America has the money, the technology, the alliances — but it also has a **naval industrial base** not dimensioned for sustained confrontation with a first-rank industrial power.

Meanwhile, Chinese shipyards — which today represent approximately **50% of global shipbuilding capacity** according to various industry estimates — continue operating at full capacity. China is building not only carriers but destroyers, submarines, frigates, replenishment vessels, amphibious ships. This is a naval program of a scope the West has not seen since the postwar era. And the West watches — with concern, with reports, with communiqués — without yet finding the industrial urgency commensurate with the documented threat.

### The lack of long-term vision

What the West lacks facing China's naval buildup is less capability than **temporal vision**. Beijing plans in decades. The carrier program is charted through 2049. Investments in shipyards, admiral training, employment doctrines — all obey a thirty-year horizon. Across from it, Western democracies plan over four years, over annual budget cycles, over fragile governing coalitions. The industrial and strategic response that would be needed — doubling allied shipbuilding capacity, coordinating carrier programs among NATO and Indo-Pacific allies, setting fleet targets to the 2035 horizon — requires exactly the kind of long-term thinking that democratic systems struggle to produce.

This is not an argument for autocracy. It is an observation about democracy's structural constraints facing challenges that unfold over timescales exceeding the electoral mandate. Democratic institutions can overcome this myopia — the American **industrial mobilization** after **Pearl Harbor** in 1941 is proof. But this mobilization requires a collective awareness that the threat is real, urgent, and documented. And that is where the work remains to be done.

*I sometimes wonder if the West will wait for a second Pearl Harbor before changing pace. Not for lack of intelligence — analysts, military, strategists clearly see what is being built in Dalian. But there is in our societies a deep resistance to translating analyses into costly actions before the cost of inaction has become even higher. That is human. It is also dangerous.*

## Dalian, steel, and a future that is no longer hypothetical

### What satellite images do not show

The May 2026 satellite images show a hull. They show cranes, steel sections assembled, the preliminary geometry of a gigantic vessel. What they do not show is what this ship represents for the 5,000 sailors who will serve aboard it, for the pilots who will train to catapult from its deck, for the officers who will plan its deployments. They do not show the families settled in Hainan waiting for the return of a father, a brother, a son deployed in the western Pacific. They also do not show the families of Filipino, Japanese, Australian sailors whose nations will be directly confronted with this vessel's presence in their waters.

Geopolitics tends to erase faces behind figures. **9 carriers**, **286 meters**, **120,000 tons**, **100 aircraft**. But behind every power projection, there are human decisions, human risks, human consequences. A strike group patrolling since May 19, 2026 east of the Philippines is not abstract to a fisherman from **Palawan province** who sees the shadow of an escort pass on the horizon and is not quite sure whether what he feels is fear or resignation. Both are appropriate responses facing a power that deploys its navy as others deploy diplomatic arguments.

### The world the Type 004 will create

When the Type 004 enters service — around 2030, if the schedule holds — the naval world of the Indo-Pacific will be different from that of 2020. Not because one more ship will float. But because all other regional actors will have spent ten years adapting to this reality under construction, reorganizing their alliances, resizing their fleets, revising their risk calculations. The consequence of building the Type 004 is not the Type 004 itself. It is **the transformation of all other actors' behavior** during and after its construction. That is the real power of great naval programs: they change the world before they are even finished.

And that is precisely why I will return to this subject. Not because carriers are fascinating — they are — but because what is being built in Dalian since 2024 is one of the most structurally significant geopolitical decisions of this early century. A choice made in a shipyard in northeastern China that will redraw the Indo-Pacific's naval order for the next thirty years. And the West still has a choice in its response. But that choice has an expiration date.

*A friend — an officer in an allied navy, whom I'll simply call Luc because he did not ask to be quoted — once told me that the real threat of an enemy carrier is not what it does on the day it fires. It is what it changes on the day it patrols. "When they're there, you no longer do what you wanted to do." I have no reason to doubt him. And no reason to believe this logic will stop at nine.*

## The Hainan-to-Taiwan countdown

### The geography no one can rearrange

Hainan is approximately **700 kilometers** from Taiwan's southern coast. A strike group centered on a Type 004-class carrier could, within a few days of navigation, reach an operational position east or north of the island. The Indo-Pacific's geography is cruel for defenders: distances between Chinese bases and potential theaters of operation are measured in hundreds of kilometers, while distances between US bases and those same theaters are measured in thousands. **Guam is 2,500 kilometers from Taiwan. Hainan is 700**. This geographic asymmetry cannot be compensated for with diplomatic proclamations.

The Taiwan question — which remains at the heart of China's naval strategy — is not one that carriers alone will settle. But they profoundly alter its parameters. Each new Chinese carrier narrows the time window in which US intervention could be decisive. Each additional strike group complicates defenders' risk calculations. And each year the Chinese carrier program advances without equivalent Western naval response is a year in which the geopolitical table reorganizes in a direction that very few democracies would have chosen if asked in 2000.

### The approaching moment of truth

Xi Jinping has linked the question of "reunification" with Taiwan to his political horizon of 2049 — the centenary of the People's Republic. But he has also repeated that this reunification would be accomplished "by all necessary means." The carrier program is one of those means. Not the only one, not necessarily the first used. But its construction is an unambiguous signal about the range of options Beijing intends to give itself. The Pentagon's **December 2025** figures state it soberly: a fleet of 9 carriers by 2035 constitutes the largest carrier expansion in the region since 1945. No one in chancelleries or general staffs has really said what this sentence means in all its implications. I say it: it means the Indo-Pacific of 2035 will not resemble that of 2024. And the time to prepare an adequate response is not infinite.

The Type 004 will be at sea in 2030. Sea trials will take place before 2029. The 286-meter hull grows in Dalian today, now, as you read these lines. This is not forecasting. This is shipbuilding. And shipbuilding, unlike politics, never lies: it advances according to its own logic, at the pace of steel and time. The only question is whether the West will have the clarity and will to respond at that pace.

*700 kilometers. Hainan to Taiwan. I reread this figure and think of the 700 kilometers separating Paris from Berlin — a distance you cross by high-speed train for dinner. In the other world, the one of navies and strike groups, 700 kilometers is one night's navigation. A decision made in the evening, executed in the morning. That must be kept in mind when speaking of Indo-Pacific "stability."*

## The question I ask aloud

### How far will we let it go?

There is a question that returns every time I analyze China's naval rise, and that I cannot properly frame without it sounding like rhetorical provocation — even though it is a sincere question: **to what point will we let Beijing build without a proportionate response?** One carrier. Two. Three today. Perhaps nine by 2035 according to the Pentagon. At what point does the international community — democracies, alliances, institutions — decide that the Chinese naval power curve has reached a threshold of intolerability? And how do we signal it to Beijing without triggering the very conflict we are precisely trying to prevent?

I do not have the answer. No honest analyst will claim to have it with certainty. But the question deserves to be asked publicly, precisely because governments ask it privately without daring to articulate it to their citizens. There is a democratic deficit in managing this rise: we expect populations to fund the responses — defense budgets, AUKUS, Philippines bases — without clearly explaining the overall picture. Here is the picture: China is building the navy it considers necessary to dominate its regional space, contest American supremacy in the western Pacific, and give itself the options it deems indispensable for 2049. This is coherent, planned, and underway.

### What Beijing really wants

The most honest answer to the question "why does China want more carriers" is not technological, not military, not even strategic in the narrow sense. It is **political, in the most profound sense of the word**. China wants carriers because it wants to be the dominant power in its region. Because it wants the ability to do what it wants in its geographic space without having to ask permission from the US. Because it wants its neighbors to know it is there, that it is staying, and that it can project force when it decides. This is not defense. It is hegemony — quietly built, one carrier at a time, in the Dalian shipyard, at the pace of steel and resolution.

And we, for our part, have a choice. Not between war and peace — that would be a gross simplification. But between clarity and blindness. Between preparing a proportionate, coordinated, naval and industrial response to this rise — and continuing to publish reports, hold summits, sign communiqués, while the Dalian hull reaches 50%, then 75%, then sea trials. **History does not judge those who saw crises coming. It judges those who had the means to respond — and did not.**

*I will return to this subject. Not because I need a next article. Because what is happening in Dalian deserves sustained attention, not a media flash in the pan. Great geopolitical changes make no noise when they begin. They make a lot of noise when it is too late to change their trajectory. The Type 004's hull has no noise yet. But it will.*

## Conclusion: The steel of Dalian and the future that is no longer hypothetical

### What Dalian tells us about the future

The Type 004 under construction in Dalian is not a surprise. It is the logical culmination of thirty years of systematic naval reconstruction, of the 1996 lesson, of Xi Jinping's 2049 vision, of the implacable calculation of a power that decided its future would play out on the oceans. What is remarkable is the consistency — the patience, the rigor, the methodical accumulation of capabilities over decades. China is not improvising its navy. It is executing. And execution, facing a coherent and sustained idea, is almost always victorious against inconstant and fragmented reaction.

Nine carriers by 2035: that is the target the Pentagon attributes to Beijing. Perhaps six or seven in the 2030s according to more conservative projections. But even at five, the transformation of the naval balance in the Indo-Pacific will be real, deep, and very difficult to reverse. What is being built in Dalian is not just a ship. It is a **naval world order** — an order in which China will be present everywhere it wants to be present, in its waters and progressively beyond. The question for the West is not whether this is tolerable. The question is what it does, now, while the time to act still exists.

### The last image: Dalian steel under the June sky

May 2026. Satellite images show a 286-meter hull under the sky of northeastern China. Cranes. Steel sections. The preliminary geometry of a vessel that does not yet exist but already exists in every operational plan of every regional navy. This hull will grow. It will be launched. It will be armed. It will sail. And when it is at sea — around 2030, around 2031, depending on the schedule — the questions that deserved to be asked in 2026 will have already found their answers by force of circumstance. Some of these answers will be comfortable. Others will not. **The choice belongs to those who see what is coming — and decide to act anyway.**

*You don't answer a 286-meter hull with a presidential tweet. You answer it with shipyards running, budgets committed, alliances holding. I do not have the means to build a frigate. But I have the responsibility to say what I see. And what I see in Dalian is a challenge that the West has not yet decided to meet at the scale it demands.*

### What I really think — and why it is uncomfortable

I will say something that is not popular in certain analytical circles: I believe the strategic ambiguity that Western democracies have maintained regarding China's naval rise for fifteen years is becoming a bigger problem than the rise itself. Not because transparency is a virtue in itself in geopolitics — it is not always. But because this ambiguity has led Beijing to believe the West would accept the transformation of the Indo-Pacific naval balance if it happened gradually, without formal declaration, without a shot fired. And China has drawn exactly the logical conclusion from that signal.

The solution is not gratuitous escalation. It is not confrontation for the principle. It is strategic clarity — stating clearly which naval balances the West considers vital for regional stability, and holding to that with industrial investments, coordinated deployments, shared doctrines. This is not simple. It is not popular. It is not what electorates demand when they vote. But it is what geography, history, and Dalian's shipbuilding make necessary.

### The noise the Type 004 will make

In 2030 — or 2031, or 2032 — the Type 004 will leave Dalian shipyard for its sea trials. Cameras will be there. Satellites will be there. Analysts from around the world will watch its first maneuvers, its first catapults, its first nuclear at-sea replenishment operations. And in capitals — Washington, Tokyo, Canberra, Paris, Manila — someone will say, before the images, something like: "We knew this was coming." Yes. We knew. We knew from the May 2026 images. We knew from the Pentagon's December 2025 report. We knew from the 1996 lesson. The question is not whether we knew. **The question is what we will have done between now and that moment.**

*I finish this column with the same image as the opening: a 286-meter hull under Dalian's sky, in May 2026, 25% complete. In four years, this hull will be at sea. In the four years ahead, the West will have had time to decide what it does. Not to wait. Not to contemplate. To decide. This kind of window does not reopen at will.*

## Conclusion: Steel doesn't lie — politics, however, has the choice

### What this column retains

China wants aircraft carriers for the same reason that all great naval powers have wanted them before: to be present, to be heard, to have the choice. **9 carriers by 2035** according to the **Pentagon**. A **nuclear Type 004 of 120,000 tons** projected into service around **2030**. A strike group deployed east of the **Philippines** since **May 19, 2026**. These are not uncertain projections. They are documented facts, charted timelines, assembled steel. The **Indo-Pacific** is changing. Not tomorrow. Now. And columns can name that change without provoking it — that is, in fact, their only real purpose.

### The pebble in the shoe

The **Pentagon** report of **December 2025** states that **China** is targeting nine carriers by **2035**. This report is public. It is accessible to anyone. And yet it does not trigger the industrial mobilization it should. No emergency summit. No accelerated shipbuilding program. No presidential address on what this fleet means for the world order. Just reports, analyses, columns — like this one — that describe what everyone sees and that no one seems willing to treat as the strategic emergency it is. This gap between what we know and what we do — **that gap is the real crisis**. And it will not be resolved by one more article.

**By Maxime Marquette, columnist**

## Columnist's transparency note

### Editorial stance

I am not a journalist but a **columnist and analyst**. My expertise lies in observing and analysing the geopolitical, economic and strategic dynamics that shape our world. My work is to take political strategies apart, to understand global economic movements, to put the decisions of international actors in context and to offer analytical perspectives on the changes that are redefining our societies.

I do not claim the cold objectivity of traditional journalism, which stops at reporting facts. **I claim analytical clarity**, rigorous interpretation and a deep understanding of the complex issues that concern us all. My role is to give meaning to the facts, to place them in their historical and strategic context, and to offer a critical reading of events.

### Method and sources

This text keeps the basic distinction between **verified facts and interpretive analysis**. The rule never changes: a factual claim is published only when a verifiable source supports it, and the sources this article actually used are listed under **Sources**, never here.

**Primary source families** used by the publication, when the story has them: official statements from governments and international institutions, public statements by political leaders, reports from intergovernmental organisations, dispatches from recognised international news agencies.

**Secondary source families**: specialised publications, internationally recognised news media, analyses from established research institutions, reports from industry organisations.

When an article cites statistical, economic or geopolitical data, it comes from the institutions that produce it (intergovernmental organisations, central banks, national statistics offices), and the exact institution is named under **Sources**.

### Nature of the analysis

The analyses, interpretations and perspectives in the analytical sections of this article are a **critical, contextual synthesis** based on the information available, the trends observed and the expert comments cited in the sources consulted.

My role is to interpret these facts, to set them in the context of today's geopolitical and economic dynamics, and to give them a coherent meaning within the larger story of the changes shaping our time. These analyses reflect expertise built through continuous observation of international affairs and an understanding of the strategic mechanisms that drive global actors.

This article describes a documented state of affairs on its publication date, not a prediction: later developments may shift its outlook. No update is promised in advance; when an article is corrected or completed, the change is dated in the text.

## Sources

### Primary sources

- [South China Morning Post — Albee Zhang: "Why do China and other powers still want aircraft carriers?" — June 2, 2026](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3355589/why-do-china-and-other-powers-still-want-aircraft-carriers)

- [19FortyFive — Harry J. Kazianis: "China Has 3 Aircraft Carriers Today. The Pentagon Thinks It Wants 9" — June 15, 2026](https://www.19fortyfive.com/2026/06/china-has-3-aircraft-carriers-today-the-pentagon-thinks-it-wants-9-and-a-120000-ton-nuclear-giant-is-already-under-construction/)

- [Institute for the Study of War (ISW) — China-Taiwan Update — June 18, 2026](https://understandingwar.org/research/china-taiwan/china-taiwan-update-june-18-2026/)

- [Newsweek — "China Plans To Build Six Aircraft Carriers in 10 Years: Pentagon" — December 24, 2025](https://www.newsweek.com/china-plans-build-six-aircraft-carriers-ten-years-pentagon-11264212)

### Secondary sources

- [Chosun — "Hainan Emerges as Key Hub for Chinese Aircraft Carriers" — May 26, 2026](https://www.chosun.com/english/world-en/2026/05/26/JGOAWR4AVFDIXEDGCHQQDIITIU/)

- [Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) — Analysis on Chinese carriers and military purges — February 24, 2026](https://www.csis.org/analysis/assessing-xis-unprecedented-purges-chinas-military-key-developments-and-potential)

- [South China Morning Post — Phoebe Zhang: "Top PLA graft-buster urges more loyalty, 'political rectification'" — June 17, 2026](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3357426/top-pla-graft-buster-urges-more-loyalty-political-rectification-training-ends)

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Source: Maxime Marquette, MadMax. When citing, name the author and link https://mad-max.co/en/article/chronique-la-chine-veut-9-porte-avions-et-ca-n-a-rien-a-voir-avec-la-defense